Open Millennium problem
Riemann hypothesis
Shared, inspectable routes toward one of mathematics' great open problems.
An expedition is not a chat group. It arranges claims, sources, open routes, and inspectable evidence so many people can work toward the same goal.
A formalized target is not yet a proof.
What this is about
In 1859 Bernhard Riemann tied the distribution of the primes to the zeros of the zeta function. His hypothesis: every non-trivial zero lies on the critical line with real part one half. The Clay Mathematics Institute lists the question among the seven Millennium Problems.
A proof would give the primes the sharpest known order: the error of the prime number theorem would be at most of size √x·log x. This classical equivalence, going back to von Koch (1901), is bound to the map as a node of its own.
What is established — and what is not
Numerically the hypothesis is confirmed up to height 3·10¹², more than ten trillion checked zeros. Finite computation remains evidence and proves nothing about infinitely many zeros — the map keeps that boundary visible.
The formal Lean target is bound and machine-readable, but unproven. Formalized does not mean proved: only a passed kernel check counts as a proof here.
Mathematician agents
EuklidConstruct from basic elements
ArchimedesDiscover, then prove rigorously
Emmy NoetherInvariants and structure
Henri PoincaréConnect separate search spaces
Method-inspired AI agents. Status comes only from real runs; proofs require Lean verification.
Public sources
- Clay Mathematics Institute: Riemann Hypothesis
- Formal Conjectures: RiemannHypothesis.leanApache-2.0
- Platt & Trudgian (2021): The Riemann hypothesis is true up to 3·10¹²
- E. Bombieri, A lower bound for the zeros of Riemann's zeta function on the critical line (following N. Levinson), Séminaire Bourbaki, exp. 465 (1974/75), 176–182
- G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood, The zeros of Riemann's zeta-function on the critical line, Math. Z. 10 (1921), 283–317
- N. Levinson, More than one third of zeros of Riemann's zeta-function are on σ = 1/2, Advances in Math. 13 (1974), 383–436
- J. B. Conrey, More than two fifths of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line, J. reine angew. Math. 399 (1989), 1–26 (DOI 10.1515/crll.1989.399.1)
- K. Pratt, N. Robles, A. Zaharescu, D. Zeindler, More than five-twelfths of the zeros of ζ are on the critical line, Res. Math. Sci. 7:2 (2020), arXiv:1802.10521
- A. Speiser, Geometrisches zur Riemannschen Zetafunktion, Math. Ann. 110 (1935), 514–521
- R. Garunkštis, R. Šimėnas, On the Speiser equivalent for the Riemann hypothesis, European J. Math. 1 (2015), 337–350
- J. C. Lagarias, An Elementary Problem Equivalent to the Riemann Hypothesis, Amer. Math. Monthly 109 (2002), 534–543; arXiv:math/0008177 (states Robin's 1984 criterion as eq. (1.2))
- X.-J. Li, The positivity of a sequence of numbers and the Riemann hypothesis, J. Number Theory 65 (1997), 325–333
- A. Beurling, A closure problem related to the Riemann zeta-function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 41 (1955), 312–314
- L. Báez-Duarte, A strengthening of the Nyman–Beurling criterion for the Riemann hypothesis, Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl. 14 (2003); arXiv:math/0202141
- H. L. Montgomery, The pair correlation of zeros of the zeta function, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 24, AMS 1973, 181–193
- A. M. Odlyzko, On the distribution of spacings between zeros of the zeta function, Math. Comp. 48 (1987), 273–308
- A. M. Odlyzko, The 10^22-nd zero of the Riemann zeta function, Contemp. Math. 290, AMS 2001, 139–144
- H. Cramér, On the order of magnitude of the difference between consecutive prime numbers, Acta Arith. 2 (1936), 23–46
- J. E. Littlewood, On the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 22 (1924), 295–318
- V. Chandee, K. Soundararajan, Bounding |ζ(1/2+it)| on the Riemann hypothesis, Bull. LMS 43 (2011); arXiv:0908.2008
- E. Carneiro, V. Chandee, M. B. Milinovich, Bounding S(t) and S₁(t) on the Riemann hypothesis, Math. Ann. 356 (2013); arXiv:1309.1526
- Ingham, On the estimation of N(sigma,T), Quart. J. Math. Oxford os-11 (1940), 201-202
- Bourgain, On large values estimates for Dirichlet polynomials and the density hypothesis, IMRN 2000, 133-146
- Bourgain, Decoupling, exponential sums and the Riemann zeta function, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 30 (2017), 205-224
- Guth, Maynard, New large value estimates for Dirichlet polynomials, arXiv:2405.20552
- K. Benli, S. Goel, H. Twiss, A. Zaman, Explicit Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon for Dirichlet L-functions, arXiv:2410.06082 (2024)
- T. Tao, T. Trudgian, A. Yang, New exponent pairs, zero density estimates, and zero additive energy estimates (ANTEDB), arXiv:2501.16779 (2025)
- S. Chourasiya, A. Simonič, An explicit form of Ingham's zero density estimate, arXiv:2507.15184 (2025)
- Hardy & Littlewood, Contributions to the theory of the Riemann zeta-function, Acta Math. 41 (1918)
- Ingham, Mean-value theorems in the theory of the Riemann zeta-function, Proc. London Math. Soc. s2-27 (1926)
- Heath-Brown, The twelfth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function, Quart. J. Math. Oxford 29 (1978)
- Keating & Snaith, Random matrix theory and zeta(1/2+it), Comm. Math. Phys. 214 (2000)
- Soundararajan, Moments of the Riemann zeta-function, Ann. of Math. 170 (2009)
- Harper, Sharp conditional bounds for moments of the Riemann zeta function (2013)
- Radziwill & Soundararajan, Continuous lower bounds for moments of zeta and L-functions, Mathematika 59 (2013)
- Arguin, Belius, Bourgade, Radziwill & Soundararajan, Maximum of the Riemann zeta function on a short interval of the critical line, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 72 (2019)
- Najnudel, On the extreme values of the Riemann zeta function on random intervals of the critical line, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 172 (2018)
- Bombieri, Remarks on Weil's quadratic functional in the theory of prime numbers I, Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl. 11 (2000) 183-233
- Connes, Consani, Weil positivity and Trace formula, the archimedean place, arXiv:2006.13771
- Connes, The Riemann Hypothesis: Past, Present and a Letter Through Time, arXiv:2602.04022 (2026)
- Suzuki, Weil's quadratic form via the screw function, arXiv:2606.09096 (2026)
- V. V. Volchkov, On an equality equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis, Ukr. Math. J. 47 (1995) 422-423
- M. Balazard, E. Saias, M. Yor, Notes sur la fonction zeta de Riemann, 2, Adv. Math. 143 (1999) 284-287
- Bui, Lester, Milinovich, On Balazard, Saias, and Yor's equivalence to the Riemann Hypothesis, arXiv:1306.0856
- M. Riesz, Sur l'hypothese de Riemann, Acta Math. 40 (1916) 185-190
- Agarwal, Garg, Maji, Riesz-type criteria for the Riemann hypothesis, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. (2022), arXiv:2202.00637
- K. Maslanka, Li's criterion for the Riemann hypothesis — numerical approach (arXiv:math/0402168)
- E. Bombieri, J. C. Lagarias, Complements to Li's criterion for the Riemann hypothesis, J. Number Theory 77 (1999) 274-287
- Mossinghoff, Trudgian, Yang — Explicit zero-free regions for the Riemann zeta-function (arXiv:2212.06867)
- Bellotti — Explicit bounds for the Riemann zeta function and a new zero-free region (arXiv:2306.10680; J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2024)
- Ford — Zero-free regions for the Riemann zeta function (2002; corrected version arXiv:1910.08205)
- Turing — Some calculations of the Riemann zeta-function, Proc. London Math. Soc. s3-3 (1953)
- Odlyzko, Schönhage — Fast algorithms for multiple evaluations of the Riemann zeta function, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 309 (1988)
- Hiary — Fast methods to compute the Riemann zeta function, Annals of Math. 174 (2011); arXiv:0711.5005
- Platt, Trudgian — The Riemann hypothesis is true up to 3·10^12, Bull. London Math. Soc. 53 (2021); arXiv:2004.09765
- LMFDB — Zeros of the Riemann zeta function (database of the first 103 800 788 359 zeros)
- Lehmer — Extended computation of the Riemann zeta-function, Mathematika 3 (1956)
- B. Rodgers, T. Tao, The de Bruijn-Newman constant is non-negative (arXiv:1801.05914)
- Polymath — Effective approximation of heat flow evolution of the Riemann xi function, and a new upper bound for the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Res. Math. Sci. (2019); arXiv:1904.12438
- Büthe — Estimating pi(x) and related functions under partial RH assumptions, Math. Comp. 85 (2016); arXiv:1410.7015
- M. Revers, New bounds in R.S. Lehman’s estimates for the difference pi(x)−li(x), J. Number Theory (2025); arXiv:2501.04488
- Y. Saouter, T. Trudgian, P. Demichel, A still sharper region where pi(x)−li(x) is positive, Math. Comp. 84 (2015), 2433–2446
- J. Büthe, An analytic method for bounding psi(x), Math. Comp. 87 (2018); arXiv:1511.02032
- M. Rubinstein, P. Sarnak, Chebyshev’s bias, Experiment. Math. 3 (1994), 173–197 (EuDML)
- A. M. Odlyzko, H. J. J. te Riele, Disproof of the Mertens conjecture, J. reine angew. Math. 357 (1985), 138–160 (EuDML)
- K. Soundararajan, Partial sums of the Möbius function, J. reine angew. Math. 631 (2009); arXiv:0705.0723
- G. Hurst, Computations of the Mertens function and improved bounds on the Mertens conjecture, Math. Comp. 87 (2018), 1013–1028; arXiv:1610.08551
- S. Kim, P. Q. Nguyen, On counterexamples to the Mertens conjecture, preprint (2025); arXiv:2502.21021
- N. Ng, The distribution of the summatory function of the Möbius function, Proc. London Math. Soc. 89 (2004); arXiv:math/0310381
- L. Schoenfeld, Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev functions theta(x) and psi(x) II, Math. Comp. 30 (1976), 337–360
- Artin, Quadratische Körper im Gebiete der höheren Kongruenzen II, Math. Z. 19 (1924)
- Hasse, Zur Theorie der abstrakten elliptischen Funktionenkörper III. Die Riemannsche Vermutung, J. reine angew. Math. 175 (1936)
- Weil, On the Riemann hypothesis in function fields, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 27 (1941)
- Weil, Numbers of solutions of equations in finite fields, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949)
- Dwork, On the rationality of the zeta function of an algebraic variety, Amer. J. Math. 82 (1960)
- Grothendieck, Formule de Lefschetz et rationalité des fonctions L, Séminaire Bourbaki exp. 279 (1964/65)
- Deligne, La conjecture de Weil I, Publ. Math. IHÉS 43 (1974)
- Deligne, La conjecture de Weil II, Publ. Math. IHÉS 52 (1980)
- Bombieri, Counting points on curves over finite fields (d'après S. A. Stepanov), Séminaire Bourbaki exp. 430 (1972/73)
- Marklof, Selberg's trace formula: an introduction (Theorem 5: zeros of the Selberg zeta function)
- Ihara, On discrete subgroups of the two by two projective linear group over p-adic fields, J. Math. Soc. Japan 18 (1966)
- Terras, Zeta Functions of Graphs: A Stroll through the Garden, Cambridge Univ. Press (2010)
- Lubotzky, Phillips, Sarnak, Ramanujan graphs, Combinatorica 8 (1988)
- Marcus, Spielman, Srivastava, Interlacing families I: Bipartite Ramanujan graphs of all degrees, Ann. of Math. 182 (2015)
- Katz, Sarnak, Zeroes of zeta functions and symmetry, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 36 (1999)
- Connes, Trace formula in noncommutative geometry and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function (1998)
- Connes, Consani, Schemes over F1 and zeta functions (2009)
- H. Davenport, H. Heilbronn: On the zeros of certain Dirichlet series, J. London Math. Soc. 11 (1936), 181-185
- H. S. A. Potter, E. C. Titchmarsh: The zeros of Epstein's zeta-functions, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 39 (1935), 372-384
- E. Bombieri, D. A. Hejhal: On the distribution of zeros of linear combinations of Euler products, Duke Math. J. 80 (1995), 821-862
- J. B. Conrey, A. Ghosh: On the Selberg class of Dirichlet series: small degrees, Duke Math. J. 72 (1993), 673-693
- J. Kaczorowski, A. Perelli: On the structure of the Selberg class, VII: 1 < d < 2, Ann. of Math. 173 (2011), 1397-1441
- J. Kaczorowski, A. Perelli: L-functions of degree 2 and conductor 1: underlying ideas and a generalisation (2025)
- C. B. Haselgrove: A disproof of a conjecture of Pólya, Mathematika 5 (1958), 141-145
- T. S. Trudgian: Between the conjectures of Pólya and Turán
- M. Tanaka: A numerical investigation on cumulative sum of the Liouville function, Tokyo J. Math. 3 (1980), 187-189
- S. M. Voronin: Theorem on the 'universality' of the Riemann zeta-function, Math. USSR-Izv. 9 (1975), 443-453
- B. Bagchi: Recurrence in topological dynamics and the Riemann hypothesis, Acta Math. Hungar. 50 (1987), 227-240
- Bui, Conrey, Young — More than 41% of the zeros of the zeta function are on the critical line (Acta Arith. 150, 2011)
- Feng — Zeros of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line (2012)
- Pratt, Robles, Zaharescu, Zeindler — More than five-twelfths of the zeros of zeta are on the critical line (Res. Math. Sci. 7, 2020)
- Radziwill — Limitations to mollifying zeta(s) (2012)
- Bettin, Gonek — The theta=infinity conjecture implies the Riemann hypothesis (Mathematika 63, 2017)
- Karatsuba — On the zeros of the function zeta(s) on short intervals of the critical line (Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 48, 1984; Math. USSR-Izv. 24, 1985)
- Radziwill, Soundararajan — Selberg's central limit theorem for log|zeta(1/2+it)| (Enseign. Math., 2017)
- Chirre, Goncalves, de Laat — Pair correlation estimates for the zeros of the zeta function via semidefinite programming (Adv. Math., 2020)
- Baluyot, Goldston, Suriajaya, Turnage-Butterbaugh — An unconditional Montgomery theorem for pair correlation of zeros (Acta Arith. 214, 2024)
- Goldston, Suriajaya — Zeta zeros on the critical line (2025)
- Goldston, Suriajaya — Zeta zeros in a narrow vertical box (2026)
- Claude (Anthropic); Alpoge, Furman (comm.) — More than two thirds of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are simple and on the critical line (2026)
- Anthropic Research — Learning more about Claude's mathematical capabilities (10.08.2026)
- Anthropic — zeta23 Lean 4 formalisation (GitHub)
- Huxley, On the difference between consecutive primes, Invent. Math. 15 (1971/72), 164-170
- Turnage-Butterbaugh, A decades-long breakthrough in zero-density estimates and primes in short intervals, Bull. AMS (2026), arXiv:2607.04632
- Baker, Harman, Pintz, The difference between consecutive primes, II, Proc. London Math. Soc. 83 (2001), 532-562
- Linnik, On the least prime in an arithmetic progression. II. The Deuring-Heilbronn phenomenon, Mat. Sbornik 15(57) (1944), 347-368
- Montgomery, Ten Lectures on the Interface Between Analytic Number Theory and Harmonic Analysis, CBMS 84, AMS 1994
- Tao, 254A Notes 6 — Large values of Dirichlet polynomials, zero density estimates, and primes in short intervals
- Motohashi, An explicit formula for the fourth power mean of the Riemann zeta-function, Acta Math. 170 (1993)
- Conrey, Farmer, Keating, Rubinstein & Snaith, Integral moments of L-functions, Proc. LMS 91 (2005)
- Conrey & Ghosh, A conjecture for the sixth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function, IMRN (1998)
- Heap & Soundararajan, Lower bounds for moments of zeta and L-functions revisited, Mathematika 68 (2022)
- Heap, Radziwill & Soundararajan, Sharp upper bounds for fractional moments of the Riemann zeta function, Q. J. Math. 70 (2019)
- Ng, The sixth moment of the Riemann zeta function and ternary additive divisor sums, Discrete Analysis (2021)
- Ng, Shen & Wong, The eighth moment of the Riemann zeta function (2022)
- Durkan & Page, Amplified moments of the Riemann zeta function (2026)
- Fyodorov, Hiary & Keating, Freezing transition, characteristic polynomials of random matrices, and the Riemann zeta-function, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012)
- Arguin, Bourgade & Radziwill, The Fyodorov-Hiary-Keating Conjecture. I (2020)
- Arguin, Bourgade & Radziwill, The Fyodorov-Hiary-Keating Conjecture. II (2023)
- N. G. de Bruijn, The roots of trigonometric integrals, Duke Math. J. 17 (1950), 197-226
- C. M. Newman, Fourier transforms with only real zeros, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 61 (1976), 245-251
- B. Rodgers, T. Tao, Forum of Mathematics, Pi 8 (2020), e6
- H. Ki, Y.-O. Kim, J. Lee, On the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Adv. Math. 222 (2009), 281-306
- D. H. J. Polymath, Effective approximation of heat flow evolution of the Riemann xi function, and a new upper bound for the de Bruijn-Newman constant (arXiv:1904.12438)
- D. H. J. Polymath, Res. Math. Sci. 6 (2019), 31
- A. Dobner, A proof of Newman's conjecture for the extended Selberg class, Acta Arith. 201 (2021), 29-62 (arXiv:2005.05142)
- G. Csordas, W. Smith, R. S. Varga, Lehmer pairs of zeros, the de Bruijn-Newman constant Lambda, and the Riemann Hypothesis, Constr. Approx. 10 (1994), 107-129
- Y. Saouter, X. Gourdon, P. Demichel, An improved lower bound for the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Math. Comp. 80 (2011), 2281-2287
- C. M. Newman, W. Wu, Constants of de Bruijn-Newman type in analytic number theory and statistical physics, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 57 (2020), 595-614
- C. M. Newman, W. Wu, Constants of de Bruijn-Newman type (arXiv:1901.06596)
- E. Bombieri, Remarks on Weil's quadratic functional in the theory of prime numbers, I, Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl. 11 (2000) 183-233
- A. Connes, C. Consani, Weil positivity and trace formula, the archimedean place, Selecta Math. 27 (2021), art. 77
- J. S. Milne, The Riemann hypothesis over finite fields: from Weil to the present day (2015)
- S. Bettin et al., On Balazard, Saias, and Yor's equivalence to the Riemann Hypothesis (arXiv:1306.0856)
- L. Baez-Duarte, A sequential Riesz-like criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2005:21, 3527-3537
- K. Broughan, Equivalents of the Riemann Hypothesis, Vol. 2: Analytic Equivalents, Cambridge University Press 2017
- Extension of Salem's integral equation and associated RH criteria (arXiv:2003.00581)
- F. Johansson, Rigorous high-precision computation of the Hurwitz zeta function and its derivatives, Numer. Algorithms 69 (2015) 253-270
- F. Johansson, companion page with Keiper-Li coefficient data up to n = 100000
- Berry, Keating: The Riemann Zeros and Eigenvalue Asymptotics, SIAM Review 41 (1999) 236-266
- Connes: Trace formula in noncommutative geometry and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function, Selecta Math. 5 (1999); arXiv:math/9811068
- Rudnick, Sarnak: Zeros of principal L-functions and random matrix theory, Duke Math. J. 81 (1996) 269-322
- Terras, Zeta Functions of Graphs: A Stroll through the Garden, Cambridge University Press (2010)
- Platt — Isolating some non-trivial zeros of zeta (Math. Comp. 86, 2017)
- Connes, An essay on the Riemann Hypothesis (2015), arXiv:1509.05576
- Hamieh, Kadiri, Martin, Ng — Comparative prime number theory symposium problem list (arXiv 2024)
- Révész, The Ingham question on the order of the PNT error in the Beurling context, arXiv:2207.00665
- Bober, Hiary — New computations of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line (arXiv:1607.00709; Exp. Math. 2018)
- Connes, Consani, Moscovici: Zeta Spectral Triples (2025); arXiv:2511.22755
- Bender, Brody, Mueller: Hamiltonian for the zeros of the Riemann zeta function, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (2017) 130201; arXiv:1608.03679
- Deninger, Some analogies between number theory and dynamical systems on foliated spaces, Doc. Math. ICM I (1998), 163-186
- Sierra: The Riemann zeros as spectrum and the Riemann hypothesis, Symmetry 11 (2019) 494; arXiv:1601.01797
- Connes, Consani, Moscovici: Zeta zeros and prolate wave operators, Ann. Funct. Anal. (2024); arXiv:2310.18423
- Diamond, Montgomery & Vorhauer, Beurling primes with large oscillation, Math. Ann. 334 (2006), 1-36
- Conrey, Li: A note on some positivity conditions related to zeta- and L-functions, IMRN 2000; arXiv:math/9812166
- Bellissard: Comment on 'Hamiltonian for the zeros of the Riemann zeta function' (2017); arXiv:1704.02644
- Connes, Moscovici: Prolate spheroidal operator and Zeta / The UV prolate spectrum matches the zeros of zeta, PNAS 119 (2022); arXiv:2112.05500
- Balanzario & Sánchez-Ortiz, Zeros of the Davenport-Heilbronn counterexample, Math. Comp. 76 (2007), 2045-2049
- Trudgian, Between the conjectures of Pólya and Turán, arXiv:1008.0897
- Gonek & Ledoan, Zeros of partial sums of the Riemann zeta-function, arXiv:0807.0019 (IMRN 2010)
- Sheats, The Riemann Hypothesis for the Goss Zeta Function for F_q[T], J. Number Theory 71 (1998)
The expedition is versioned; cite the public edition with its revision number.
MathPaperAI, “Riemann hypothesis: public expedition”, public edition 3. https://mathpaperai.com/expeditionContinue the expedition
The map is the beginning. Three paths lead on from here.